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ALL LEVELS・N1–N5
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4,256words (N1–N5 total)
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Filtered by N2・N3
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N2, N4
国際
こくさい
Something between countries. It is always attached to the front of another word, and 「国際」 alone never stands in a sentence. A plane that flies between countries is a 「国際線（こくさいせん）」, and ties between countries are 「国際関係（こくさいかんけい）」; there are also 「国際けっこん」 and 「国際くうこう」. In the form 「国際的（こくさいてき）」 it becomes a word that describes what something is like, as in 「国際的にゆうめいな店」.
AI-generated translation
N2
告示
こくじ
It refers to the state or public office widely informing the general public of matters that have been decided. Used in expressions like 「選挙の告示」 or 「告示する」, it is a formal word used in situations of official announcement.
AI-generated translation
N2
極上
ごくじょう
It refers to quality or degree being so good that it cannot be better. Used in expressions like 「極上の品」 or 「極上のひととき」, it is a somewhat formal word for the highest-grade things.
AI-generated translation
N3
国籍
こくせき
nationality. The status of which country a person is a citizen of. Example: 「日本国籍」 (Japanese nationality), 「国籍を取得する」 (to acquire nationality).
AI-generated translation
N2
酷評
こくひょう
「酷」 means cruel or severe, and 「評」 means to evaluate. It refers to criticizing a work or behavior severely and without mercy. Used in expressions like 「批評家に酷評される」 or 「酷評を浴びる」, in situations where a strongly negative evaluation is given.
AI-generated translation
N2
克服
こくふく
「克」 means to win over, and 「服」 means to make submit; the original meaning is to defeat an enemy and bring them under control. From this, it came to mean to overcome difficulties or weaknesses through effort. Used in expressions like 「病気を克服する」 or 「困難を克服する」, in contexts speaking about the results of overcoming obstacles.
AI-generated translation
N2
克明
こくめい
「克」 means to thoroughly accomplish, and 「明」 means to make clear; together they mean to make clear down to every corner. It refers to being precise to the smallest detail, without overlooking anything. Used in expressions like 「克明に記録する」 or 「克明な描写」, it is a formal word expressing thoroughness in reporting, observation, and description.
AI-generated translation
N3
国立
こくりつ
Being built with the nation's money and run by the nation. It is most often attached to the name of a facility, as in 「国立大学」 (a national university), 「国立公園」 (a national park), 「国立博物館」 (a national museum), 「国立図書館」 (a national library), 「国立競技場」 (a national stadium). It is also used alone, as in 「この大学は国立だ」. Used in contrast with 「私立」 (private), 「県立」 (prefectural), and 「市立」 (municipal).
AI-generated translation
N3
焦げる
こげる
burn. To become blackened from being overcooked. Example: 「パンが焦げる」 (bread burns), 「焦げたにおい」 (a burnt smell). Something turning black on its own is 「焦げる」, while a person making it turn black by overcooking it is 「焦がす」; they are used as in 「ごはんが焦げる」 versus 「ごはんを焦がす」.
AI-generated translation
N3, N5
ここ
ここ
A word referring to a place close to the speaker.
AI-generated translation
N3
凍える
こごえる
For the body to lose sensation from cold. Example: 「手が凍える」 (one's hands go numb from cold), 「凍えるような寒さ」 (bone-chilling cold).
AI-generated translation
N2
心地
ここち
The feeling or sensation one experiences when doing something. When used on its own it is read 「ここち」, as in 「生きた心地がしない」. It is mostly used attached after other words, as in 「乗り心地」「居心地」「夢心地」, and in this case it is read with the voiced sound 「〜ごこち」.
AI-generated translation
N2
心当たり
こころあたり
Something that comes to mind; a rough idea or guess. 「心当たりがない」.
AI-generated translation
N2
心掛ける
こころがける
To always be mindful and make an effort to do something.
AI-generated translation
N3
試み
こころみ
attempt. To try doing something. Example: 「新しい試み」 (a new attempt/initiative). The verb form is 「試みる」.
AI-generated translation
N2
試みる
こころみる
It refers to attempting something whose success is uncertain. Used in expressions like 「新しい方法を試みる」 or 「挑戦を試みる」, it is a formal verb expressing experimental action.
AI-generated translation
N2
快い
こころよい
Pleasant, feeling good; also describes accepting something willingly and readily. 「快い風」「快く承諾する」.
AI-generated translation
N2
誤差
ごさ
The difference between a correct value and the value actually measured.
AI-generated translation
N2
誇示
こじ
「誇」 means to boast, and 「示」 means to show; together they mean to display something boastfully. It refers to showing off one's power or position with self-satisfaction. Used in expressions like 「権力を誇示する」 or 「誇示するように」, it is a slightly critical word for behavior aimed at impressing others.
AI-generated translation
N2
孤児
こじ
It refers to a child who has lost their parents and has no guardian. Used in expressions like 「戦災孤児」 or 「孤児院」, it is a formal word used in contexts of social protection.
AI-generated translation
N3
腰
こし
waist. The bendable part of the body below the back. Example: 「腰が痛い」 (one's lower back hurts). There are also the expressions 「腰が低い」 (having a humble/polite manner) and 「腰を下ろす」 (to sit down).
AI-generated translation
N2
こじれる
こじれる
It refers to a relationship or problem becoming complicated in a bad direction and difficult to resolve. Used in expressions like 「話がこじれる」 or 「関係がこじれる」, in situations of becoming entangled and worsening.
AI-generated translation
N2
故人
こじん
A person who has died. A different word from 「個人」 (each individual person), which has the same reading.
AI-generated translation
N3
個人
こじん
individual. Each single person, as opposed to a group. Example: 「個人の意見」 (an individual's opinion), 「個人的な問題」 (a personal matter), 「個人情報」 (personal information).
AI-generated translation
N3
越す
こす
To pass a place or time and go to the other side. Example: 「年を越す」 (to see out the year/into the new year), 「冬を越す」 (to get through the winter), 「引っ越す」 (to move house). In the form 「お越しください」, it also serves as an honorific way of saying 「来る」 (to come).
AI-generated translation
N1, N2
擦る
こする
To press something firmly against the surface of an object and move it. A different action from 「摩る」 (to stroke gently) or 「刷る」 (to print), which are also read 「する」.
AI-generated translation
N2
個性
こせい
A unique quality that belongs only to that person or thing, different from others. Used as in 「個性を生かす」.
AI-generated translation
N2
古代
こだい
Ancient times. One of the periods into which history is divided, coming after the primitive age and before the medieval age. 「古代ローマ」.
AI-generated translation
N2
こだわる
こだわる
The word originally had a somewhat negative meaning of being caught up in trivial matters and unable to be free of them. From this, it developed the meaning of being strongly attentive to one thing and not letting it go easily. It is still used negatively, as in 「過去にこだわる」, but in modern Japanese it is more often used positively to describe an attitude of standing by one's beliefs or preferences, as in 「味にこだわる」 or 「細部にこだわる」.
AI-generated translation
N2
誇張
こちょう
To express something in an exaggerated way, beyond what it actually is.
AI-generated translation
N3
国家
こっか
nation. A country. A unified entity that has territory, people, and a government. Example: 「国家試験」 (a national examination). More formal than 「国」, used when discussing politics and law.
AI-generated translation
N3
国会
こっかい
The most important assembly, which decides a nation's laws and budget. Example: 「国会議員」 (a member of parliament), 「国会で審議する」 (to deliberate in the National Diet).
AI-generated translation
N2
骨格
こっかく
(1) The bone framework that supports the body. 「がっしりした骨格」. (2) The basic structure of a matter. 「計画の骨格」.
AI-generated translation
N3
固定
こてい
To firmly fix something in one place or state so it does not move. Example: 「固定給」 (a fixed salary).
AI-generated translation
N3, N5
事
こと
A word referring to a matter, or the content of a talk. Example: 「話す事」 (something to talk about), 「大事な事」 (an important matter). Very often written in hiragana as 「こと」.
AI-generated translation
N2
孤独
こどく
It refers to the state of being lonely with no one around. Used in expressions like 「孤独を感じる」 or 「孤独な生活」, it expresses the emotional sensation of being alone.
AI-generated translation
N3, N5
子供
こども
child. A young person. The opposite of an adult. Also used to mean one's own son or daughter. Often written as 「子ども」.
AI-generated translation
N2
こなす
こなす
It refers to skillfully handling difficult work or a large volume of tasks. Used in expressions like 「仕事をこなす」 or 「英語を使いこなす」, it is a verb used in situations of putting one's ability to work to dispose of things.
AI-generated translation
N2
こなれる
こなれる
Originally it meant that food becomes digested, or that something is broken down into small pieces. From this, it developed the meaning of becoming accustomed and feeling natural. Used in expressions like 「文章がこなれる」 or 「演技がこなれてきた」, it describes a state in which awkwardness has been shed and skill has been gained.
AI-generated translation
N3
好む
このむ
To like something and choose it oneself. A slightly more formal way of saying 「好き」 (to like).
AI-generated translation
N3
こぼす
こぼす
It refers to inadvertently letting liquid or powder out. It also means to let out one's dissatisfaction or complaints. Used in expressions like 「水をこぼす」 or 「愚痴をこぼす」, it expresses the act of unintentionally letting something out.
AI-generated translation
N3
ごまかす
ごまかす
It refers to concealing by means of lies or makeshift measures, hiding the truth. Used in expressions like 「年齢をごまかす」 or 「答えをごまかす」, it is a verb that critically expresses the act of deceiving others.
AI-generated translation
N3, N5
困る
こまる
To not know what to do because of something unpleasant or difficult. Example: 「お金がなくて困る」 (troubled by not having money).
AI-generated translation
N2
こもる
こもる
The basic meaning is to remain inside without going out, or for a filled state inside not to disperse. Specifically, it refers to a person shutting themselves indoors and not going outside, or to smoke, smells, or emotions filling the interior without dispersing. Used as 「家にこもる」 or 「熱気がこもる」.
AI-generated translation
N2
こらえる
こらえる
It refers to enduring something painful or an emotion without letting it show. Used in expressions like 「涙をこらえる」 or 「痛みをこらえる」, in situations of suppressing strong emotions or pain.
AI-generated translation
N2
孤立
こりつ
It refers to being separated from companions or surroundings and being alone. Used in expressions like 「孤立する」 or 「孤立を深める」, it is a formal word for a state of loneliness in social or geographical terms.
AI-generated translation
N2
こりる
こりる
It refers to thinking, from a failure or painful experience, that one never wants to do the same thing again. Used in expressions like 「失敗にこりる」 or 「こりずに挑戦する」, it is a verb expressing reflection or a lesson learned.
AI-generated translation
N2
婚姻
こんいん
It refers to a man and woman becoming husband and wife in legal terms. Used in expressions like 「婚姻届」 or 「婚姻関係」, it is a word that expresses marriage in a formal and institutional way.
AI-generated translation
N2
根気
こんき
「根」 refers to the root that supports things, and 「気」 means mental energy. It refers to the mental energy to continue something to the end without giving up. Used in expressions like 「根気がいる」 or 「根気よく」, in contexts of tasks that require patience.
AI-generated translation
N2
根拠
こんきょ
The basis on which a judgment or claim rests.
AI-generated translation
Vocabulary data on this site is based on the JMdict/EDICT project (© Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group, CC BY-SA 4.0). JLPT level classification is our own assessment using AI (Claude) and is not an official JLPT standard.